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Chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) is defined as recurrent wheals and/or angioedema lasting more than 6 weeks without an identifiable external trigger, affecting ~1% of the population, driven by autoimmune IgG anti-FcERI/anti-IgE mast cell activation, IgE cross-linking, complement C3a/C5a mast cell degranulation, histamine/PGD2/LTC4/tryptase mediator release, and NF-kB/TSLP/IL-4/IL-13 Th2 amplification. Sea moss fucoidan modulates complement C3a/C5a mast cell activation and NF-kB; selenium supports mast cell and keratinocyte GPx protection; omega-3 modulates PGD2/LTC4 mast cell eicosanoids; zinc supports skin barrier tight junction integrity. Second-generation antihistamines, omalizumab (anti-IgE), and cyclosporine for refractory CSU are standard; sea moss provides anti-inflammatory nutritional support.
